Shoal Lake Aqueduct - Revision history

AJP: /* Web links related to the topic */ Fixed broken link to CSCE

2022-10-29T22:14:01Z

Web links related to the topic: Fixed broken link to CSCE

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	# City of Winnipeg - https://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/dept/railway.stm Accessed December 18, 2016		# City of Winnipeg - https://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/dept/railway.stm Accessed December 18, 2016
	# City of Winnipeg - http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/freedomRoad.stm		# City of Winnipeg - http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/freedomRoad.stm
	# The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering ~~(through Ryerson University) http~~://~~www.ryerson~~.ca/~~~amackenz~~/~~history~~/~~national~~/~~w.html~~ Accessed ~~December 17~~, ~~2016~~.		# The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering https://csce.ca/en/historic-site/shoal-lake-aqueduct/ Accessed October 29, 2022.

AJP: /* Web links related to the topic */ http to https changes

2022-10-29T22:06:43Z

Web links related to the topic: http to https changes

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	# Manitoba History No. 72, Spring-Summer 2013. Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/72/aqueduct.shtml Accessed December 19, 2016		# Manitoba History No. 72, Spring-Summer 2013. Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/72/aqueduct.shtml Accessed December 19, 2016
	# Manitoba History No. 75, Summer 2014. Not All Down Hill From There: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/75/aqueduct.shtml http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_histor]29, 2022		# Manitoba History No. 75, Summer 2014. Not All Down Hill From There: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/75/aqueduct.shtml http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_histor]29, 2022
	# City of Winnipeg - ~~http~~://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/shoalLake.stm Accessed December 18, 2016		# City of Winnipeg - https://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/shoalLake.stm Accessed December 18, 2016
	# City of Winnipeg - ~~http~~://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/dept/railway.stm Accessed December 18, 2016		# City of Winnipeg - https://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/dept/railway.stm Accessed December 18, 2016
	# City of Winnipeg - http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/freedomRoad.stm		# City of Winnipeg - http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/freedomRoad.stm
	# The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (through Ryerson University) http://www.ryerson.ca/~amackenz/history/national/w.html Accessed December 17, 2016.		# The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (through Ryerson University) http://www.ryerson.ca/~amackenz/history/national/w.html Accessed December 17, 2016.

AJP: /* Web links related to the topic */ Fixed broken link to Adele Perry book

2022-10-29T22:05:06Z

Web links related to the topic: Fixed broken link to Adele Perry book

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:05, 29 October 2022
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	# University of Manitoba – MSpace - Developing a domestic water supply for Winnipeg from Shoal Lake and Lake of the Woods: the Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct, 1905 – 1919 https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/4457 Accessed December 17, 2016.		# University of Manitoba – MSpace - Developing a domestic water supply for Winnipeg from Shoal Lake and Lake of the Woods: the Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct, 1905 – 1919 https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/4457 Accessed December 17, 2016.
	# Manitoba History No. 72, Spring-Summer 2013. Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/72/aqueduct.shtml Accessed December 19, 2016		# Manitoba History No. 72, Spring-Summer 2013. Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/72/aqueduct.shtml Accessed December 19, 2016
	# Manitoba History No. 75, Summer 2014. Not All Down Hill From There: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/75/aqueduct.shtml ~~Accessed December 19, 2016~~		# Manitoba History No. 75, Summer 2014. Not All Down Hill From There: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/75/aqueduct.shtml http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_histor]29, 2022
	~~# Aqueduct: Colonialism, Resources, and the Histories We Remember, Adele Perry; ARP Books, Winnipeg Manitoba.~~ http://~~arpbooks~~.~~org~~/~~books/detail~~/~~aqueduct Accessed December 19~~, ~~2016~~
	# City of Winnipeg - http://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/shoalLake.stm Accessed December 18, 2016		# City of Winnipeg - http://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/shoalLake.stm Accessed December 18, 2016
	# City of Winnipeg - http://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/dept/railway.stm Accessed December 18, 2016		# City of Winnipeg - http://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/dept/railway.stm Accessed December 18, 2016
	# City of Winnipeg - http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/freedomRoad.stm		# City of Winnipeg - http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/freedomRoad.stm
	# The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (through Ryerson University) http://www.ryerson.ca/~amackenz/history/national/w.html Accessed December 17, 2016.		# The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (through Ryerson University) http://www.ryerson.ca/~amackenz/history/national/w.html Accessed December 17, 2016.

AJP: /* Web links related to the topic */ http to https change

2022-10-29T22:02:15Z

Web links related to the topic: http to https change

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 29 October 2022
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	===Web links related to the topic===		===Web links related to the topic===
	# University of Manitoba – MSpace - Developing a domestic water supply for Winnipeg from Shoal Lake and Lake of the Woods: the Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct, 1905 – 1919 ~~http~~://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/4457 Accessed December 17, 2016.		# University of Manitoba – MSpace - Developing a domestic water supply for Winnipeg from Shoal Lake and Lake of the Woods: the Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct, 1905 – 1919 https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/4457 Accessed December 17, 2016.
	# Manitoba History No. 72, Spring-Summer 2013. Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/72/aqueduct.shtml Accessed December 19, 2016		# Manitoba History No. 72, Spring-Summer 2013. Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/72/aqueduct.shtml Accessed December 19, 2016
	# Manitoba History No. 75, Summer 2014. Not All Down Hill From There: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/75/aqueduct.shtml Accessed December 19, 2016		# Manitoba History No. 75, Summer 2014. Not All Down Hill From There: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/75/aqueduct.shtml Accessed December 19, 2016

Gcook: /* National Recognition */

2021-03-18T19:57:07Z

National Recognition

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:57, 18 March 2021
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	==National Recognition==		==National Recognition==
	The project was recognized by the '''Canadian Society for Civil Engineering''' as a ''National Historic Civil Engineering Site'' with a plaque and ceremony in 1994. ~~[[File:1994 Shoal Lake Aquaduct CSCE National Historic Site.jpg\|250px\|CSCE National Historic Civil Engineering Site Monument]]~~		The project was recognized by the '''Canadian Society for Civil Engineering''' as a ''National Historic Civil Engineering Site'' with a plaque and ceremony in 1994. The project was identified as one of the many significant historic civil engineering achievements within Canada. The plaque serves to preserve the heritage of the people of Canada, and in esteem of the civil engineers and others who worked alongside them on projects such as this.
	The project was identified as one of the many significant historic civil engineering achievements within Canada. The plaque serves to preserve the heritage of the people of Canada, and in esteem of the civil engineers and others who worked alongside them on projects such as this.		<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:1994 Shoal Lake Aquaduct CSCE National Historic Site.jpg\|thumb\|none\|500px\|CSCE National Historic Civil Engineering Site Monument]] </li>

	Reference - https://cscehistory.ca/national/red-river-floodway-winnipeg-mb/		Reference - https://cscehistory.ca/national/red-river-floodway-winnipeg-mb/

Gcook: /* National Recognition */

2021-03-18T19:53:52Z

National Recognition

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:53, 18 March 2021
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	==National Recognition==		==National Recognition==
	The project was recognized by the '''Canadian Society for Civil Engineering''' as a ''National Historic Civil Engineering Site'' with a plaque and ceremony in 1994. [[File:~~Aqueduct 10~~.jpg\|~~thumb~~\|~~Figure 10: Red River Crossing Surge Tank~~]]		The project was recognized by the '''Canadian Society for Civil Engineering''' as a ''National Historic Civil Engineering Site'' with a plaque and ceremony in 1994. [[File:1994 Shoal Lake Aquaduct CSCE National Historic Site.jpg\|250px\|CSCE National Historic Civil Engineering Site Monument]]
	The project was identified as one of the many significant historic civil engineering achievements within Canada. The plaque serves to preserve the heritage of the people of Canada, and in esteem of the civil engineers and others who worked alongside them on projects such as this.		The project was identified as one of the many significant historic civil engineering achievements within Canada. The plaque serves to preserve the heritage of the people of Canada, and in esteem of the civil engineers and others who worked alongside them on projects such as this.

	Reference - https://cscehistory.ca/national/red-river-floodway-winnipeg-mb/		Reference - https://cscehistory.ca/national/red-river-floodway-winnipeg-mb/


	==Supplemental Information Sources==		==Supplemental Information Sources==

Gcook at 19:50, 18 March 2021

2021-03-18T19:50:26Z

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	* Henry N. Ruttan – Winnipeg City Engineer – later a consultant; also General and Commanding Officer of Military District NO. 10		* Henry N. Ruttan – Winnipeg City Engineer – later a consultant; also General and Commanding Officer of Military District NO. 10
	* John G. Sullivan – CPR – also a consultant		* John G. Sullivan – CPR – also a consultant

			==National Recognition==
			The project was recognized by the '''Canadian Society for Civil Engineering''' as a ''National Historic Civil Engineering Site'' with a plaque and ceremony in 1994. [[File:Aqueduct 10.jpg\|thumb\|Figure 10: Red River Crossing Surge Tank]]
			The project was identified as one of the many significant historic civil engineering achievements within Canada. The plaque serves to preserve the heritage of the people of Canada, and in esteem of the civil engineers and others who worked alongside them on projects such as this.

			Reference - https://cscehistory.ca/national/red-river-floodway-winnipeg-mb/


	==Supplemental Information Sources==		==Supplemental Information Sources==
	The lead up to the concept and the political process that brought the aqueduct about is documented in the thesis “Developing a domestic water supply for Winnipeg from Shoal Lake and Lake of the Woods: the Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct, 1905 – 1919” http://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/4457,		The lead up to the concept and the political process that brought the aqueduct about is documented in the thesis “Developing a domestic water supply for Winnipeg from Shoal Lake and Lake of the Woods: the Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct, 1905 – 1919” http://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/4457, and in the Manitoba Historical Society’s Journal article Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District (No. 72, Spring-Summer 2013) http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/72/aqueduct.shtml.
	and in the Manitoba Historical Society’s Journal article Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District
	(No. 72, Spring-Summer 2013) http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/72/aqueduct.shtml.

	Additional and more detailed engineering information is provided at http://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/4457		Additional and more detailed engineering information is provided at http://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/4457 and in the Manitoba Historical Society’s Journal article Not All Down Hill From There: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District (No. 75 Summer 2014) http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/75/aqueduct.shtml
	and in the Manitoba Historical Society’s Journal article Not All Down Hill From There: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District (No. 75 Summer 2014) http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/75/aqueduct.shtml

	==References==		==References==

Rbernier at 19:01, 8 January 2017

2017-01-08T19:01:38Z

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	In testimony by three engineers and one hydrologist at the 1914 International Joint Commission hearing on the project, agreed that withdraw of the equivalent of years volume at 85,000,000 imperial gallons per day in a single day, i.e. with no inflow, the draw down of the level of Lake of the Woods would be less than 1.50 inches.		In testimony by three engineers and one hydrologist at the 1914 International Joint Commission hearing on the project, agreed that withdraw of the equivalent of years volume at 85,000,000 imperial gallons per day in a single day, i.e. with no inflow, the draw down of the level of Lake of the Woods would be less than 1.50 inches.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
	\|+Table 1: Lake of The Woods and Shoal Lake Watershed Statistics		\|+Table 1: Lake of The Woods and Shoal Lake Watershed Statistics
	\|-		\|-
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	===Designing for the Terrain===		===Designing for the Terrain===
	The terrain between Shoal Lake and the prairie country just east of Winnipeg is treed, has a number of rivers, and contains some 80 km2 of muskeg or swamp. It is also for the most part uninhabited and did not lend itself to access or communication.		{\| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:10px;"

	In approaching the route selection task, the GWWD engineers had available the preliminary design that was provided as part of the report from the Board of Consulting Engineers (Hering et al, 1913) that included details of typical conduit arch sections. With that information, and on-going refinements of the sections, curves were developed showing cost variations for typical aqueduct cross-sections based on depths of excavation and for a range of slopes. With that information available, field staff could make on-site decisions in choosing an alignment that would minimize the costs and the line length while striving to maintain the average slope of 0.57 ft per 1,000 ft of length. By that process, an alignment was established by March of 1914 on which over 30% of its length was very close to the average slope. The final average gradient was 0.62 ft per 1,000 ft at a length that was only 8% longer than the straight-line distance. Table 2 provides a listing of the slopes for each aqueduct cross section.

	{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+Table 2: Slopes of the Winnipeg Aqueduct for Various Cross Sections		\|+Table 2: Slopes of the Winnipeg Aqueduct for Various Cross Sections
	\|-		\|-
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	\|1.537\|\|6’-41/2” x 5’-41/4’’		\|1.537\|\|6’-41/2” x 5’-41/4’’
	\|}		\|}

			The terrain between Shoal Lake and the prairie country just east of Winnipeg is treed, has a number of rivers, and contains some 80 km2 of muskeg or swamp. It is also for the most part uninhabited and did not lend itself to access or communication.

			In approaching the route selection task, the GWWD engineers had available the preliminary design that was provided as part of the report from the Board of Consulting Engineers (Hering et al, 1913) that included details of typical conduit arch sections. With that information, and on-going refinements of the sections, curves were developed showing cost variations for typical aqueduct cross-sections based on depths of excavation and for a range of slopes. With that information available, field staff could make on-site decisions in choosing an alignment that would minimize the costs and the line length while striving to maintain the average slope of 0.57 ft per 1,000 ft of length. By that process, an alignment was established by March of 1914 on which over 30% of its length was very close to the average slope. The final average gradient was 0.62 ft per 1,000 ft at a length that was only 8% longer than the straight-line distance. Table 2 provides a listing of the slopes for each aqueduct cross section.

	An early start to the railway was essential to the project, and once the route was decided, the right-of-way could be established and the railway construction could get underway. The right-of-way selected was generally 300 ft (91 m) wide with the railway located 40 ft (12 m) from the south boundary. At the easterly end, which had more construction challenges such as the depth of excavation, the width was increased to 500 ft (152 m).		An early start to the railway was essential to the project, and once the route was decided, the right-of-way could be established and the railway construction could get underway. The right-of-way selected was generally 300 ft (91 m) wide with the railway located 40 ft (12 m) from the south boundary. At the easterly end, which had more construction challenges such as the depth of excavation, the width was increased to 500 ft (152 m).
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	Aside from its cost, the use of reinforcing steel was an issue because at the time it did not come prefabricated. It was manufactured and delivered as a straight twisted square bar that had to be bent on site. Figure 6 shows an example of the bending process.		Aside from its cost, the use of reinforcing steel was an issue because at the time it did not come prefabricated. It was manufactured and delivered as a straight twisted square bar that had to be bent on site. Figure 6 shows an example of the bending process.

			<br clear=all>

	===Falcon River Dike and Diversion===		===Falcon River Dike and Diversion===
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	[[File:Aqueduct 8.jpg\|thumb\|Figure 8: Falcon River Diversion Channel Excavation]]		[[File:Aqueduct 8.jpg\|thumb\|Figure 8: Falcon River Diversion Channel Excavation]]
	The dike was built using the scow and bridge method. Significantly, as shown by the date on the photo, it was built before the GWWD railway reached Indian Bay. Figure 8 shows excavation of the diversion channel in 1915.		The dike was built using the scow and bridge method. Significantly, as shown by the date on the photo, it was built before the GWWD railway reached Indian Bay. Figure 8 shows excavation of the diversion channel in 1915.

			<br clear=all>

	===Intake Works===		===Intake Works===

Rbernier at 20:34, 4 January 2017

2017-01-04T20:34:54Z

Show changes

Rbernier at 18:53, 4 January 2017

2017-01-04T18:53:53Z

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	The Shoal Lake Aqueduct is a 155 km concrete conduit that delivers water from the Shoal Lake/Lake of the Woods watersheds to a reservoir in The City of Winnipeg. Like the aqueducts built by the Romans it is powered entirely by gravity. ~~It was built~~ between 1914 and 1918~~. The~~ conduit ~~conveyed~~ water primarily as a covered open-channel flow. There are seven river crossings where it is operated under pressure as an inverted siphon. The construction of the conduit and the post-construction operation of the system was accomplished by an adjoining railway built specifically for ~~those~~ purposes.		The Shoal Lake Aqueduct is a 155 km concrete conduit that delivers water from the Shoal Lake/Lake of the Woods watersheds to a reservoir in The City of Winnipeg. Like the aqueducts built by the early Romans, it is powered entirely by gravity. Built between 1914 and 1918, the conduit conveys water primarily as a covered open-channel flow conduit. There are seven river crossings where it is operated under pressure as an inverted siphon. The construction of the conduit and the post-construction operation of the system was accomplished by an adjoining railway built specifically for these purposes.

	The aqueduct is known variously as the Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District (GWWD) Aqueduct. The GWWD was an inter-municipal corporation owned by eight, but not all, of the civic entities in the areas around the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. While the project was spearheaded by The City of Winnipeg, the corporation’s Board of Directors was not dominated by Winnipeg. The project impetus, as stated in the campaign promise of the 1913 elected mayor of Winnipeg, Thomas Deacon (an engineer), was to provide “at once for the people of Winnipeg an ample and permanent supply of pure soft water which will forever remove the menace now hanging over Winnipeg of a water famine”.		The aqueduct is known variously as the Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District (GWWD) Aqueduct. The GWWD was an inter-municipal corporation owned by eight, but not all, of the civic entities in the areas around the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. While the project was spearheaded by The City of Winnipeg, the corporation’s Board of Directors was not dominated by Winnipeg. The project impetus, as stated in the campaign promise of the 1913 elected mayor of Winnipeg, Thomas Deacon (an engineer), was to provide “at once for the people of Winnipeg an ample and permanent supply of pure soft water which will forever remove the menace now hanging over Winnipeg of a water famine”.